Slingshot

You pull back to set power and angle, then release. Everything else is physics, which is why they're immediately understandable - the interface tells you what will happen before you commit to it.

Slingshot Fortress. Knocking a structure down gives you visible feedback on whether the shot was good, which the pure distance games cannot quite match.

Flinging yourself upward from one grip to the next rather than launching a projectile at something. The slingshot mechanic becomes movement instead of a weapon, which changes how you judge each pull.

Generally yes. Pulling back with a finger is closer to the real motion than dragging a mouse, and the games tend to be designed with that input in mind.

Yes, all of them run free in your browser with nothing to install and no account needed before you start, and a failed shot costs you seconds at most.